Examine the features of Realism? How it is different from Idealism?

 Features of Realism and Its Differences from Idealism

Realism is one of the oldest and most influential theories in International Relations (IR). It emphasizes the competitive and conflictual nature of international politics and is grounded in a pragmatic view of human nature and state behavior. The core assumption of Realism is that the international system is anarchic—meaning no central authority exists above states—and that states are the principal actors driven primarily by the pursuit of power and security.

Features of Realism

1. Statism: Realism regards the state as the main actor in international politics. States are sovereign entities responsible for their survival and welfare. Other actors like international organizations or individuals are secondary.
2. Anarchy: Realists believe the international system lacks a central governing authority, leading to a condition of anarchy. This compels states to rely on self-help to ensure their survival.
3. Survival: The primary goal of every state is survival in an uncertain and dangerous international environment. States prioritize national security above all else.
4. Power Politics: Realism holds that power—particularly military and economic power—is the main currency of international politics. States seek to maximize their power to protect themselves and influence others.
5. National Interest: States act rationally to pursue their national interests, which are often defined in terms of power and security.
6. Pessimistic View of Human Nature: Classical realists believe human nature is inherently selfish and power-seeking, which explains the conflictual behavior of states.
7. Balance of Power: To prevent domination by any one state, Realists emphasize the importance of balancing power through alliances or arms buildups.
8. Conflict is Inevitable: Due to competing interests and the anarchic system, conflict and war are seen as unavoidable aspects of international relations.

Differences Between Realism and Idealism

Idealism (also known as Liberalism in modern IR) emerged as a critique of Realism, especially after the devastation of World War I. Idealists emphasize cooperation, law, morality, and international institutions as key to achieving peace and progress.

1. View of Human Nature:

• Realism sees human nature as selfish and power-driven, leading to conflict.
• Idealism views human nature as capable of cooperation, progress, and moral improvement.

2. Nature of International System:

• Realism posits an anarchic and conflict-prone international system.
• Idealism believes that international society can be governed by laws, norms, and organizations to foster cooperation and peace.

3. Role of States vs. International Institutions:

• Realism focuses on sovereign states as the only significant actors.
• Idealism stresses the importance of international organizations, law, and diplomacy in managing relations and resolving conflicts.

4. Goal of Foreign Policy:

• Realists prioritize national interest and security above all else.
• Idealists emphasize collective security, disarmament, and international cooperation for common good.

5. Approach to Conflict:

• Realists are skeptical about the possibility of lasting peace; they see war as inevitable.
• Idealists believe in the possibility of achieving lasting peace through international law, democracy, and economic interdependence.

6. Moral Considerations:

• Realism often disregards moral principles in favor of pragmatic power politics.
• Idealism integrates ethics and morality into international relations, advocating for justice and human rights.

Conclusion

Realism provides a pragmatic and often cynical view of international relations, focusing on power, survival, and competition in an anarchic world. It highlights the limitations of cooperation due to the inherent nature of states and the international system. Idealism, by contrast, offers a more optimistic perspective that stresses international law, institutions, and moral progress, believing that cooperation and peace are achievable. Both theories have shaped the study and practice of international relations, offering contrasting lenses to understand global politics.

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