Discuss the features of idealism. How does idealism differ from realism in international politics?

Idealism in International Politics: Features and Comparison with Realism

Features of Idealism

Idealism in international politics is a normative approach that emphasizes how the world ought to be rather than how it is. Emerging strongly in the early 20th century, particularly after World War I, idealism aims to shape international relations through ethical standards, legal principles, and international cooperation. The core features of idealism are:

1. Moral Values and Ethics: Idealism holds that moral values and ethical considerations should be central to international relations. States are expected to act not only in their national interest but also in line with universal values like human rights, justice, and peace.
2. Belief in Progress and Human Nature: Idealists view human nature as fundamentally good or at least capable of improvement. They believe that through reason, education, and institutional development, humanity can overcome war and conflict.
3. Emphasis on International Law and Institutions: Idealism supports the establishment of international institutions and laws as mechanisms to regulate state behavior. Organizations like the United Nations and treaties such as the Geneva Conventions are seen as crucial for maintaining peace and order.
4. Collective Security: This principle argues that peace can be preserved if states unite to collectively respond to aggression against any one of them. The League of Nations, although ultimately unsuccessful, was an early embodiment of this idea.
5. Democracy and Diplomacy: Idealists believe that democratic governments are more likely to pursue peaceful foreign policies. Diplomacy, dialogue, and negotiation are preferred methods of conflict resolution.
6. Interdependence: Idealists emphasize the growing interdependence among nations due to globalization, trade, and communication. This interconnectedness is seen as a foundation for peaceful coexistence.
7. Normative Over Empirical Focus: Idealism focuses more on what should happen in international politics rather than what does happen. It often involves a vision for a better world order based on cooperation rather than competition.

Idealism vs. Realism

Realism and idealism represent two contrasting approaches in international politics. While both seek to understand and influence state behavior, their assumptions, goals, and methods differ significantly.

1. View of Human Nature:

• Idealism: Assumes humans are inherently good or capable of moral improvement.
• Realism: Views human nature as self-interested and power-driven. Conflict is seen as inevitable due to these tendencies.

2. Primary Actors:

• Idealism: Acknowledges multiple actors such as international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and individuals.
• Realism: Considers states as the only significant actors, each pursuing its national interest.

3. Nature of International System:

• Idealism: Views the international system as capable of change and improvement through cooperation and institutions.
• Realism: Sees the international system as anarchic, where there is no higher authority than the state itself. This leads to a perpetual struggle for power and security.

4. Use of Power and Force:

• Idealism: Prefers soft power—diplomacy, persuasion, moral appeal.
• Realism: Emphasizes hard power—military might, economic leverage—as essential tools for survival and influence.

5. Conflict and Peace:

• Idealism: Believes conflict can be overcome through dialogue, education, and institution-building.
• Realism: Considers conflict as an enduring feature of international politics. Peace is temporary and usually a result of power balance rather than mutual understanding.

6. Examples in Practice:

• Idealism: Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the foundation of the League of Nations.
• Realism: Policies of balance of power, Cold War containment strategies, and realpolitik approaches by states like the U.S. and Russia.

Conclusion

While idealism aspires to create a peaceful international order through cooperation, moral values, and institutions, realism provides a more pragmatic and often cynical view focused on power and survival. Each approach offers valuable insights—idealism inspires change and progress, while realism ensures caution and preparedness. In practice, states often blend both approaches, balancing moral goals with strategic interests.

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