The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922) was one of the most significant mass movements led by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian freedom struggle. It marked a turning point in the Indian struggle for independence, as it sought to resist British rule through non-violent means and civil disobedience.
Background:
The movement emerged in the aftermath of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919), in which British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indians. This incident, along with the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, galvanized widespread discontent against British colonial rule. Gandhi, who had gained prominence during the Non-Violent Resistance Movement in South Africa, believed in mobilizing the masses through non-violent protest and civil disobedience.
Objectives:
The primary aim of the Non-Cooperation Movement was to secure self-rule (Swaraj) for India by encouraging Indians to withdraw from British institutions. Gandhi called for a boycott of British goods, civil services, schools, courts, and elections. The idea was to make British rule in India unworkable by refusing to cooperate with the colonial administration.
Key Events and Methods:
- Boycott of British Goods: People were urged to wear khadi (handspun cloth) and boycott foreign-made textiles, which were symbolic of British economic exploitation.
- Boycott of Schools and Colleges: Students and teachers were encouraged to leave government-run schools and institutions to create an alternative educational system.
- Non-Cooperation with British Officials: Indians were advised to resign from government jobs and refuse to attend courts.
- Public Demonstrations: Non-violent protests, strikes, and meetings were organized across the country.
Chauri Chaura Incident and Suspension:
The movement gained momentum with widespread participation across India. However, in February 1922, violence broke out in Chauri Chaura, where a mob killed 22 policemen. Gandhi, who was committed to non-violence, decided to suspend the movement, as he felt the movement was veering into violence.
Impact and Conclusion:
Despite its suspension, the Non-Cooperation Movement was significant in mobilizing millions of Indians against British rule. It marked the rise of mass nationalism, with people from all walks of life, including peasants, students, and workers, participating in the freedom struggle. It also marked a shift in leadership, as Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the Indian National Congress. Although the movement did not immediately lead to independence, it laid the foundation for future resistance movements and brought the idea of self-rule closer to the people of India.
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