The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is one of the most widely used library classification systems worldwide. The 21st edition of the DDC, often referred to as DDC 21, is an updated version that reflects the modern needs of library classification, accommodating new developments in knowledge and technology. DDC 21 builds on the foundational structure of earlier editions, while incorporating enhancements to ensure its continued relevance. Below are the key characteristics of DDC 21's structure:
1. Ten Main Classes (000-999)
DDC 21 retains the fundamental structure of ten main classes, each representing a broad category of knowledge. These classes are:
- 000 – General works, Computer science, Information
- 100 – Philosophy and Psychology
- 200 – Religion
- 300 – Social sciences
- 400 – Language
- 500 – Science
- 600 – Technology
- 700 – Arts and recreation
- 800 – Literature
- 900 – History and Geography
Each of these ten main classes is further divided into more specific subclasses and topics, providing a hierarchical structure to the classification.
2. Decimal Notation
DDC 21 continues to use decimal notation as its primary method of classification. Each number in the classification scheme consists of a series of digits separated by periods (e.g., 595 for "Insects" in the animal kingdom). This system allows for a flexible, scalable representation of topics, from general subjects (e.g., 500 for "Science") to more specific subjects (e.g., 595 for "Insects").
3. Hierarchical Structure and Decimal Expansion
One of the most important characteristics of DDC 21 is its hierarchical structure. The classification begins with broad subject categories and then becomes increasingly specific. The decimal system allows for decimal expansion, where numbers are subdivided further by adding digits after the decimal point. This allows for infinite expansion, accommodating the growth of new topics and subtopics.
4. Use of Table of Features
DDC 21 includes the use of Tables of Features, which provide guidelines for adding specificity to certain classes. These tables help further break down subjects in a uniform way. For example, Table 1 is used to assign specific topics under broader categories such as education, medicine, or law, ensuring that a classification number is always precise and relevant to the subject.
5. Standardized Subject Areas and Subdivisions
The system employs standardized subject areas that are universally applied, ensuring consistency in classification across different libraries. DDC 21 also incorporates optional subdivisions for topics that are more nuanced or specialized, allowing for a finer classification of material. For instance, works on different geographical regions or specific historical periods can be assigned distinct numbers.
6. Updates and Internationalization
DDC 21 reflects the ongoing evolution of knowledge. It includes new subjects, updated terminology, and the incorporation of developments in areas like digital technology and interdisciplinary fields. Additionally, DDC 21 is internationally adaptable, making it suitable for libraries across the world by including modifications for various languages, cultures, and regions.
7. Flexibility for Local Adaptation
While DDC 21 provides a global framework, it allows for local customization. Libraries can adapt the system to meet the specific needs of their communities, adding or modifying classifications for local interests or unique subject areas.
8. Facilitates Indexing and Cataloging
The system's clear and concise numerical codes facilitate easy indexing and cataloging of books, journals, and other materials. It allows librarians and users to quickly identify and retrieve information based on its classification number.
In conclusion, DDC 21 is a robust, flexible, and systematic approach to organizing knowledge. Its use of decimal notation, hierarchical structure, and adaptability to new topics make it a powerful tool for libraries and information management systems globally.
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