Matthew Arnold, a prominent Victorian poet and critic, is regarded as one of the most influential literary critics of the 19th century. His critical work is characterized by a blend of personal insight, intellectual rigor, and cultural concern. Arnold's approach to literary criticism reflects his broader vision of society and culture, and he believed that literature should serve a higher purpose, guiding moral and intellectual development.
One of Arnold’s major contributions to literary criticism was his advocacy for "disinterested" criticism, which he defined as criticism that is impartial and objective, free from personal biases or external agendas. He argued that critics should judge works of literature based on their intrinsic quality, intellectual value, and ability to elevate the human spirit, rather than on popularity or contemporary relevance. This idea is presented in his famous essay The Function of Criticism at the Present Time (1864), where Arnold stresses the importance of criticism in refining and improving public taste.
Arnold also introduced the concept of “the touchstone method,” a technique for evaluating literature by comparing it to a select group of great works from the past. In his view, the true greatness of a text could be measured against established literary standards, such as the works of Homer, Shakespeare, and Milton. This method encouraged critics to seek out universal truths and timeless values in literature.
Furthermore, Arnold’s critical writings often reflect his concern with the cultural and intellectual health of society. In his essay Culture and Anarchy (1869), he critiques the industrial age's emphasis on materialism and advocates for the cultivation of the intellect, which he believes is essential for moral and social progress.
While Arnold’s approach has been criticized for being overly elitist and conservative, his influence on literary criticism remains significant. His emphasis on rigorous, objective analysis and the belief in literature’s role in shaping society continues to resonate in contemporary literary studies.
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