Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable (1935) is a pioneering novel in Indian literature that explores the deep-seated caste system and its dehumanizing effects on the lower strata of society. Through the life of Bakha, the protagonist, Anand sheds light on the plight of the untouchables, also known as the "lower castes," in pre-independence India. The novel is a powerful social commentary on the caste discrimination, hypocrisy, and exploitation that prevailed in Indian society at the time.
Theme of Social Injustice
At the heart of Untouchable is the theme of social injustice and the rigidity of the caste system. Bakha, a young boy who works as a sweeper, is subjected to daily humiliation and degradation simply because of his birth. He is denied basic human dignity, and the upper-caste Hindus treat him as "polluted." Anand uses Bakha’s experience as a lens to criticize the caste system, showing how it divides people and perpetuates inequalities.
Characterization of Bakha
Bakha is portrayed as a sympathetic, yet conflicted character who internalizes the prejudices against him. He dreams of living a better life, aspiring to adopt the ways of the British colonizers, whom he sees as more egalitarian. However, he is constantly reminded of his status as an untouchable by society. Anand humanizes Bakha by giving voice to his emotions, frustrations, and desires, allowing the reader to empathize with his situation. This psychological depth makes Bakha a compelling character who represents the suffering of millions of untouchables.
Anand’s Critique of Religion and Tradition
Anand critiques the role of religion in sustaining the caste hierarchy. Hindu religious practices are depicted as perpetuating the inequality of untouchability. The novel portrays how religious traditions are used to justify the mistreatment of untouchables, with the upper castes exploiting religious dogma to maintain their dominance. Anand contrasts this with Mahatma Gandhi’s message of equality and social reform, which offers a glimmer of hope for change.
Realism and Symbolism
The novel is a realist portrayal of a day in the life of Bakha, capturing the oppressive social structures in a highly detailed and evocative manner. The use of vivid descriptions and the straightforward narrative style emphasize the harsh realities of Bakha’s life. The novel also uses symbolic elements, such as the flush toilet, which represents modernity and the possibility of liberation from manual scavenging.
Conclusion
Untouchable is a groundbreaking novel that combines social realism with humanism to expose the brutality of caste discrimination. Through Bakha’s character, Mulk Raj Anand not only critiques the caste system but also calls for social reform and the recognition of human dignity for all.
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