Explain the Administrative reforms of Shershah.

Sher Shah Suri, also known as Sher Khan, was a remarkable ruler of North India during the 16th century. He ruled from 1540 to 1545 and is remembered for his administrative reforms, which were truly groundbreaking and laid the foundation for many aspects of governance in India. Here, we will delve into the administrative reforms of Sher Shah, highlighting their significance and enduring impact on the Indian subcontinent.

Background: Sher Shah Suri's ascent to power was marked by a series of military campaigns and political maneuvering. He rose from humble beginnings, serving as a manager of a jagir (landholding) in the service of the Mughal Empire. Over time, he transformed into a formidable military leader, ultimately overthrowing Humayun, the second Mughal emperor, and establishing the Suri dynasty. His rule was relatively short but left a profound impact on the administration and governance of the region.

Administrative Reforms:

1. Land Revenue System (Zabt System):

• One of Sher Shah's most significant administrative reforms was the introduction of the "Zabt System," a land revenue system. This system aimed to ensure efficient and fair collection of revenue, which was crucial for the financial stability of the state. Under this system, the revenue was assessed based on the productivity and fertility of the land. Sher Shah's administration conducted surveys and prepared detailed records of land and its produce, and revenue was fixed at one-third of the agricultural produce. This system replaced the arbitrary and exploitative revenue collection practices of the past.
• The Zabt System had several benefits. It reduced the burden on peasants and provided them with a stable and reasonable tax liability. It also encouraged land cultivation and improved agricultural productivity. Additionally, the system's fixed revenue collection helped in maintaining an organized fiscal structure for the state.

2. Roads and Infrastructure:

• Sher Shah Suri is widely recognized for his extensive efforts in improving infrastructure, particularly roads. He constructed a network of well-paved highways and rest houses (sarais) to facilitate trade and communication throughout his empire. The most famous of these roads was the Grand Trunk Road, which connected the major cities and regions of his empire. This road not only eased transportation but also played a crucial role in the efficient movement of the military.
• The construction of these roads improved connectivity, trade, and administration within the empire. They also promoted economic development and facilitated the movement of armies during campaigns, making them an essential part of Sher Shah's administrative reforms.

3. Postal System (Dak Chauki):

• Sher Shah introduced a postal system known as "Dak Chauki." This system was designed to ensure efficient communication across his vast empire. It consisted of a network of postal stations (chaukis) strategically located along the major highways. Couriers (dak chaukildars) were stationed at these posts, and they were responsible for carrying messages, official orders, and letters between different parts of the empire.
• The Dak Chauki system played a vital role in maintaining efficient governance and enabling swift communication between the central administration and various regional authorities. It was a significant precursor to the later development of postal services in India.

4. Currency Reforms:

• Sher Shah recognized the importance of a standardized and reliable currency system for trade and commerce. He issued a silver coin known as "Rupiya," which weighed 178 grains (approximately 11.53 grams). This coin became the standard currency in his empire and remained in circulation for many years. Sher Shah's coinage reforms provided stability and uniformity to the monetary system, promoting economic growth and facilitating trade.
• His coinage was a precursor to the famous Indian rupee, which became the official currency of the British Indian Empire and is still used in present-day India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and several other South Asian countries.

5. Civil and Military Administration:

• Sher Shah established a well-organized civil and military administration. He divided his empire into several provinces, each administered by a governor (subedar) who was responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting revenue, and overseeing regional affairs. These provinces were further divided into districts, each headed by a district officer (shiqdar), who had a role in revenue collection and administration.
• In the military sphere, Sher Shah introduced the "Dagh" system, a branding system for horses to ensure their quality and military readiness. He also organized his army into various units, including elephants, cavalry, and infantry, and established a disciplined and efficient military structure.

6. Justice System (Adalat System):

• Sher Shah established a robust justice system with a focus on providing fair and prompt legal remedies to the people. He appointed qazis (judges) at various levels, who were responsible for administering justice according to Islamic law (Sharia). Cases were decided quickly, and Sher Shah aimed to provide accessible justice to all, regardless of their social or economic status.
• The justice system was organized to ensure that disputes were resolved efficiently and that individuals had a reliable avenue for seeking justice. This played a crucial role in maintaining law and order within the empire.

7. Revenue Records and Land Settlement:

• Sher Shah's administration maintained detailed records of land ownership and revenue collection. These records, known as "Pattas" and "Qabuliyats," documented land ownership and transactions. They served as a foundation for the efficient collection of land revenue and helped resolve disputes related to land ownership.
• The land settlement process involved systematic surveys and assessments of land, ensuring that revenue collection was based on the actual productivity of the land. This not only reduced the burden on peasants but also eliminated corruption and exploitation in revenue collection.

8. Trade and Commerce:

• Sher Shah encouraged trade and commerce by reducing trade barriers and facilitating secure trade routes. He established "sarkars" (market towns) where traders and merchants from different regions could engage in business without undue hindrance. This approach promoted economic growth and prosperity within his empire.
• His policies also aimed to promote the safety and security of trade caravans, ensuring that merchants could conduct their business without fear of theft or extortion.

9. Agricultural Reforms:

• Sher Shah took measures to improve agricultural practices, which were the backbone of the empire's economy. He promoted the construction of canals and irrigation systems to enhance agricultural productivity. These reforms were vital in ensuring food security and prosperity within the empire.

10. Military Reforms:

• Sher Shah recognized the importance of a well-organized and disciplined military. He established a standing army that was paid a regular salary. The Dagh system, mentioned earlier, ensured that the army had high-quality horses. This professionalization of the military made it more effective in both defensive and offensive operations.

Significance and Legacy: Sher Shah Suri's administrative reforms left a lasting impact on the Indian subcontinent. Many of his policies and systems continued to influence governance, administration, and infrastructure development for centuries to come. Here are some of the key aspects of his legacy:

1. Roads and Infrastructure: Sher Shah's extensive road network, especially the Grand Trunk Road, became a vital artery for trade and communication. It facilitated not only the movement of goods but also the exchange of ideas and culture across different regions.
2. Land Revenue System: The Zabt System set a precedent for more equitable revenue collection in India. It laid the foundation for subsequent land revenue systems, including the Permanent Settlement introduced by the British.
3. Currency Reforms: The introduction of the Rupiya as a standard currency contributed to the development of a stable monetary system in India.
4. Justice System: The Adalat System established a model for providing accessible and efficient justice to the people, an important principle in the governance of India.
5. Postal System: The Dak Chauki system was a precursor to the formal postal services developed in India during the colonial era.
6. Trade and Commerce: Sher Shah's policies in this regard promoted economic growth and made trade more accessible, setting the stage for the development of vibrant marketplaces in the region.
7. Agricultural and Irrigation Reforms: The focus on improving agriculture and irrigation had a long-term impact on food security and economic stability.
8. Military Reforms: The professionalization of the military and the Dagh system contributed to the efficiency and effectiveness of military operations, a legacy that continued in later empires and armies.

It's important to note that Sher Shah Suri's reforms and innovations were not only influential during his reign but also served as a template for subsequent rulers and administrations in the Indian subcontinent. His administrative acumen and commitment to efficient governance have left an enduring mark on the region's history.

Conclusion: Sher Shah Suri's administrative reforms were instrumental in reshaping the governance and infrastructure of the Indian subcontinent during the 16th century. His innovative policies in areas such as land revenue, roads, currency, justice, and trade laid the foundation for more efficient and equitable administration. The enduring legacy of his reforms is evident in the continued use of the Indian rupee, the presence of the Grand Trunk Road, and the principles of revenue collection that shaped subsequent systems. Sher Shah Suri's brief but impactful rule serves as a testament to the potential for visionary leadership to leave a lasting impact on the course of history.

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